*lL'4^H-^.«^* 



A SYLLABUS OF 

THE HISTORY 

OF 

Modern Europe 



THEODORE F. COLLIER 



*^>1 



\ 



A SYLLABUS OF 



THE HISTORY 

OF 

Modern Europe 



FROM THE REFORMATION 
TO THE GREAT WAR 



THEODORE pf COLLIER, Ph.D. 

BROWN UNIVERSITY 



1917 






COPYRIGHT, 1917 

BY 

THEODORE F. COLLIER 



/ 

FEB I419I7 



Press of E. A. Johnson & Co. 
Providence, R. I. 



©C1.A450540 



CONTENTS 



THE REFORMATION 

I. The Church and the Spirit of the New Age 
II. Luther and the Protestant Revolt 

III. The Reformation in Germany, 1525-1555 

IV. The Reformation beyond Germany 
V. Counter-Reformation and Reaction 

THE WARS OF RELIGION 

VI. Philip II and the Wars of Religion, 1562-1598 
VII. The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1562-1609 
VIII. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648 
IX. Stuart and Puritan, 1603-1660 

THE AGE OF ABSOLUTISM 

X. The Absolute Monarchy in France: Richelieu and Louis XIV 
XI. Louis XIV and the Netherlands, 1660-1685 
XII. The Ascendancy of France and the Balance of Power, 
1685-1715 

XI I I. The Rise of Russia and Prussia 

XIV. Frederick the Great, 1740-1786 

XV. The Rise of England as a World Power 

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON 

XVI. France of the Old Regime 
XVII. The Spirit of Progress and Reform 
XVIII. The French Revolution 
XIX. The First French Republic 
XX. The Rise of Napoleon, 1796-1804 
XXI. The Napoleonic Empire and Europe, 1804-1815 

EUROPE SINCE 1815 

XXII. Restoration and Reaction, 1815-1848 

XXIII. The Revolutions of 1848 

XXIV. The Second French Empire and the Unification of Italy 
XXV. The Founding of the German Empire 

XXVI. Political and Social Reorganization on the Continent 
XXVII. Great Britain and the Empire 

XXVIII. Industrial and Commercial Progress during the Century 
XXIX. Colonial Expansion and World Politics 
XXX. Rise of the Balkan States; the Eastern Question and the 
Powers 

Select List of Books 



I. THE CHURCH AND THE SPIRIT OF THE NEW AGE 

1. The Church and the political and economic forces of the age 

a) Renaissance freedom and ecclesiastical authority 

b) papal claims incompatible with national and dynastic inter- 
ests and ambitions; misuse of spiritual weapons (excommuni- 
cation and interdict) against political rivals and opponents 

c) papal interference in internal affairs of the state: nuncios, 
legates; ecclesiastical courts; reserved cases; appeals 

d) friction over ecclesiastical patronage and revenue: pallium 
fees; benefices "in commendam" ; provisions; annates; re- 
versions; pluralism of benefices 
vast landed wealth of the Church; exemption from taxation 

f) the monasteries as industrial and commercial competitors of 

the townsmen; resentment of the gilds 
g} exactions from the faithful: tithes, fees, Peter's Pence; sale of 

indulgences and dispensations 

2. The Church and the moral and religious conditions of the age 
a) the Church and clergy infected with the secularism of the 

Renaissance; worldliness, self-indulgence, relaxing of disci- 
pline, neglect of spiritual duties. 

formalism in religion; devotion to rites and ceremonies; en- 
thusiasm for relics and pilgrimages; marks of religious de- 
cadence 

c) indifferentism and skepticism among the cultured; crass ig- 
norance and superstition of the untaught 

d) the search after sincerity, simplicity, purity and spiritual 
peace; the Mystics and Pietists; brotherhoods and gilds for 
the deepening of the religious life; Bible reading and preaching 

e) "Reformers before the Reformation" 

f) protests against irreligion, vanity and immorality; Savonarola 
and the Florentines 

3. The Church and the intellectual forces of the age 
a) the spirit of free inquiry; liberalism in the Universities; the 

new learning at variance with scholastic logic and theology 
northern Humanism and religious reform; moral earnestness, 
scientific temper, reverence for the truth; critical scholarship 

c) Reuchlin; the Oxford Reformers, Colet, More; Biblical and 
religious studies 

d) Erasmus: Praise of Folly, Colloquies, Encheiridion, edition of 
New Testament) exposure of shams; call to sincerity; Erasmus' 

faith in emancipation by education 

the Humanist's scorn of pretence and ridicule of obscurantism; 

The Ship of Fools; Letters of Obscure Men 

Hayes, I, 112-130, 180-185; Robinson, 377-386; Seebohm, pt. i, chs. 2 and 4; 
pt. ii, chs. 1 and 2; Johnson, 145-153; Cambridge Modern History, I, 653-674, 682- 
692; Beard, Luther and the Ref'n., 24-46, 84-115; Emerton, Erasmiis, 158-178; Rob- 
inson, Rdgs., II, 37-50; Whitcomb, Source-book ofGer. Renaissance, 35—41, 47-80 

Note. — For full titles see the "Select List of Books," at the end of 
the Syllabus. Where more than one title appears under an author's 
name, the reference is to the first title, unless otherwise indicated. 



II. LUTHER AND THE PROTESTANT REVOLT 

1. Germany upon the eve of the Reformation 

a) lack of political and social unity; class jealousy; particularism 

b) prosperity, progress and liberalism in the towns 

c) inordinate power of the Church in Germany ; the great Church- 
men princes of the Empire; patriotic resentment; Ulrich von 
Hutten 

d) the burdens of the peasantry; peasant risings; the Bundschuh; 
merging of religious and economic grievances 

2. Luther: the evolution of the Reformer 

a) parentage and education; Pietistic and Humanistic influences 

b) the monk: darkness and despair; light from the Bible and the 
Mystics; "Justification by Faith," — "faith" as "trust" 

c) the professor at Wittenberg; journey to Rome (1511-12); 
impressions 

d) Tetzel and the sale of indulgences; the Ninety-five Theses 
(1517) 

e) the Leipsic Disputation (1519); appeal to the authority of 
the Scriptures 

3. The revolt; the Diet of Worms, (1521) 

a) further studies in the Scriptures, Church history and the 
Canon Law; growing doubt as to the validity of the Church's 
claims 

b) the "Great Year," 1520; the clarion call to the Nation (Ad- 
dress to the Christian Nobility) ; tracts on Christian liberty 
and the sacraments; burning of the papal bull and the Canon 
Law 

c) popular excitement; fusion of patriotic and religious feeling 

d) the young Emperor, Charles V, and the hopes of the nation 

e) Luther before the Diet of Worms (1521); final stand, on the 
sole authority of the Scriptures; the ban pronounced 

4. Religious fanaticism and social revolution 

a) Luther at the Wartburg, under protection of the Elector of 
Saxony; translation of the Bible into German; literary and 
religious significance 

b) political and social implications of Luther's doctrines 

c) radical and fanatical agitators; the Zwickau Prophets; Carl- 
stadt; Thomas Miinzer; the Anabaptists 

d) the Knights' attack upon the Archbishop of Trier (1522) 

e) the Peasants' Insurrection; the peasants' demands, — the 
Twelve Articles; Luther's harsh counsel to the Princes; sav- 
age -reprisals; effects — the peasants alienated; the Princes 
alarmed; the Reformation allied to legitimate authority 

f) the Princes and the ban; the Hundred Gravamina; Diet of 
Regensburg (1524); emergence of religious parties; the sec- 
tional division 

Hayes, I, 130-136; Robinson, 369-376, 384-415; Seebohm, pt. ii, chs. 3, 4, 5, 
Johnson, 129-137, 145-148, 153-160, 164-180; Haeusser, 1-47, 60-105; Beard; 
Luther and the Ref'ji., 145-165, 200-221, 406-442; McGiHert, Luther, 111-209; Smith, 
Luther, 36-120; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 31-37, 53-90, 94-108 



III. THE REFORMATION IN GERMANY, 1525-1555 

1. A Reformed Church and a Protestant party 

a) poHtical factors in the rehgious situation: fear of Hapsburg 
supremacy (the Princes, Francis I, the Pope); rivalries of the 
Princes; financial necessities and the lands of the Church 

b) establishment of a reformed Church in Saxony; Electoral 
patronage and endowment; moderate changes in ritual; 
Luther's conservatism; provision for clerical education and 
religious instruction 

c) the first Diet of Speier( 1526); the Princes assume responsibility 
for the non-execution of the ban, — to act according to con- 
science, pending a General Council 

d) second Diet of Speier (1529); the "Protestants" against co- 
ercion in matters of conscience 

e) the Augsburg Confession (1530); moderate and conciliatory; 
rejected by the Emperor; submission demanded; the Schmal- 
kaldic League formed 

2. Steady advance of Protestantism, to 1541 

a) truce with the Protestant Princes; the Emperor's hands tied; 
war with Francis I and the Turk; deadlock over the General 
Council 

b) Protestant gains: Wiirtemberg, Brandenburg, ducal Saxony, 
Brunswick; wavering in ecclesiastical states, i. a., Cologne 

c) formation of the Catholic League of Niirnberg (1538) 

d) the Diet of Regensburg (1541); nearest approach to reunion 
of the hostile faiths 

3. War on the Schmalkaldic League 

a) favorable turn in the Emperor's affairs; truce with France 
(1544) 

b) dissension in the League; damaging effects of the bigamy of 
Philip of Hesse; the Emperor's intrigues with Maurice of 
Saxony 

c) utter defeat of the League at Miihlberg (1547) 

d) the Augsburg Interim (1548); attempt at coercion 

e) alarm of the Princes, both Catholic and Protestant; defection 
of Maurice of Saxony; breach with the Pope; war with France 

f) the Truce of Passau (1552); toleration pending a General 
Council 

4. The Peace of Augsburg, 1555 

a) "cujus regio ejus religw' — the religion of the prince is the re- 
ligion of the subject; dissenters free to emigrate 

b) "ecclesiastical reservation" 

c) toleration of both religions in the imperial cities 

d) the secularization of ecclesiastical property legalized (1552) 

e) Calvinists excluded from the benefits of the peace 

f) defects of the peace; seeds of future strife 

5. Review and estimate of the Lutheran Reformation 

' Hayes, I, 74-87; Robinson, 415-420; Seebohm, pt. ii, ch. 5; pt. iii, ch. 1; John- 
son, 196-204, 210-213, 220-252; Haeusser, 106-124, 179-185, 196-240^ Hender- 
son, Short Hist. ofGer'y, I, chs. xiv and xv; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 113-117 



IV. THE REFORMATION BEYOND GERMANY 

1. Lutheranism in the Scandinavian lands 

a) Wittenberg the centre of a propaganda of reform 

b) establishment of a Lutheran state church in Denmark (1527) 

c) the interest of the crown in the reformation in Sweden; whole- 
sale spoliation of the church ; gradual reorganization and reform 

2. The reformation in Switzerland; Zwingli and Calvin 

a) Zwingli's reformation: Humanistic; rationalistic; failure to 
unite with Luther; political complications (cantonal jealousies) 

b) the need of a consistent reformed theology and an independent 
reformed church; Calvin's fitness for such a work 

c) Calvin's rule in Geneva (1541-1564); the "Godly Life"; re- 
lations with the civil authorities; church organization (Pres- 
byterian) ; extreme simplicity in worship 

d) Calvin's theology (the Institutes): Scriptural, systematic, 
rigidly logical 

e) the spread of Calvinism (France, Holland, England, Scotland, 
America) ; Calvinism aggressive, militant, uncompromising 

3. Establishment and reform of the Church of England 

a) religious conditions in England on the eve of the Reformation; 
the Oxford Reformers; Erasmus in England 

b) Henry VIII and the "Lutheran heresy" ;"Defenderof the Faith" 

c) foreign policy of Henry and Wolsey; divorce of Catherine of 
Aragon ; effect upon relations with Charles V and the Pope 

d) coercion of the clergy; separation from Rome; the Act of 
Supremacy (1534) 

e) opposition to doctrinal innovations; persecution; suppression 
of the monasteries; confiscation; social and political eiifects 

f) reform of doctrine and practice under Edward VI (1547-1553) ; 
the Prayer Book; the Act of Uniformity; the Articles of 
Religion 

g) reversion to Roman Catholicism under Mary (1553-1558); 
refusal to restore the monastery lands; persecution of Protest- 
ants 

h) restoration under Elizabeth: desire for religious peace; need 
of moderation; the new Act of Supremacy; the revised Prayer 
Book; the Thirty-nine Articles 

4. The Reformation in Scotland 

a) political factors: the regency of Mary of Guise; English inter- 
est in Scotch affairs; the Scotch lords and the Church lands 

b) the Covenanters (1557) and the Regent 

c) drganization of a national reformed Church (Calvinistic) by 
John Knox 

Hayes, I, 137-156; Robinson, 421-436; Seebohm, 156-162, 167-199; Johnson, 
271-276; Haeusser, 125-178, 241-255; Wakeman, Hist, of Ch. ofEng., ch. xi; Walker, 
Calvin, 263-324, 376-408; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 122-148 



V. COUNTER-REFORMATION AND REACTION 

1. First steps toward self-reformation in the Roman Church 

a) revival of religious interest in Italy; the Oratory of the Divine 
Love; the Theatines; reform sentiment in cultured circles; in- 
filtration of Lutheran doctrines, especially in the north 

b) self-reformation necessitated by the progress of Protestantism 

c) the papal Reform Commission of 1537; divergent opinions as 
to the nature and measure of reform; Contarini and Caraffa 

d) the Pope's concern for his prerogative; fear of a General 
Council 

e) Contarini's unsuccessful attempt at reunion (Regensbur^, 
1541) 

2. The Roman Catholic reaction 

a) end of temporising; "war upon heresy!"; Caraffa the moving 
spirit 

b) the Inquisition and the Index; procedure; effectiveness 

c) Ignatius Loyola and the Society of Jesus (1534, 1540); the 
aims, organization, discipline, efificiency, growth of the Society 

d) first session of the Council of Trent (1545); exclusion of the 
Protestants; the reactionaries in control 

3. Rejection of Protestantism by the Latin countries 

a) religious interest among French Humanists; Lefevre, Bri^onet, 
Margaret of Navarre; opposition of the Sorbonne; vacillation 
of Francis I; desultory persecution according to political 
interests 

b) massacre of the Waldenses; systematic repression 

c) growth of Calvinism, despite persecution; powerful adherents; 
first National Protestant Synod (1559) 

d) failure of Protestantism to get a foothold in Italy 

e) Inquisition and Aiito da Fe in Spain; attempt to exterminate 
heresy in the Netherlands; Inquisition and persecution; steady 
growth of Protestantism 

4. Close of the Reformation period 

, a) conclusion of the Council of Trent (1562-63): reaffirmation of 
Roman Catholic doctrine, in unequivocal terms; reinforce- 
ment of Papal authority; practical reforms; the Church 
reinvigorated 

b) numerical strength and geographical distribution of the rival 
faiths {map, Lindsay); the Europe of 1563 compared with the 
Europe of 1521 

c) the schism final and the issue sharply drawn; premonitions of 
religious wars: the Jesuit; the Calvinist; Philip II 

Hayes, I, 156-169; Robinson, 437-444; Johnson, 261-271; Seebohm, pt. iii, chs. 

5. 7, 8; Haeusser, 256-275; Ward, Counter Reformation, chs. ii and iii; Bryce 371- 
386,; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 156-161 



VI. PHILIP II AND THE WARS OF RELIGION, 1562-1598 

1. Religious and political situation at the close of the Reformation 

a) the stage set for the Calvinist and the Jesuit 

b) Philip II, the protagonist of the Reaction: character; policy; 
resources; the Hapsburg power the dread of Europe 

c) England: Elizabeth's precarious position; Papal aspersions 
upon her title; rejection of radical reform; cautious religious 
policy 

d) France: edict of toleration; political and religious factions, — 
Guise, Bourbon, Huguenot; Catherine de' Medici and her sons 

e) interpenetration of political and religious issues, and of 
domestic and foreign policies 

2. The Wars of Religion in France, 1562-1598 

a) outbreak; causes and general character; periods 

b) first stage (1562-1570): the Huguenots, hard pressed, call in 
foreign aid; the Politiques, tolerant, patriotic Catholics; Peace 
of San Germain, — favorable terms to the Huguenots 

c) St. Bartholomew (1572): ascendancy of Coligny; jealousy of 
the Guises; the massacre; effect on foreign relations 

d) renewal of civil war; foreign intervention; anarchy; danger of 
dissolution; the Guises and the Catholic League, supported 
by Philip 1 1 and the Pope 

e) Anjou, Elizabeth and the Netherlands; death of Anjou and 
of William the Silent (1584); Henry of Navarre becomes heir 
presumptive; determination of the League and Philip II to 
exclude "the heretic" from the succession; war of the three 
Henries 

f) triumph of patriotism: victory of Ivry (1590); "conversion" 
of Henry IV; entry into Paris (1594); successful conclusion of 
the war with Philip II; Peace of Vervins (1598) 

g) the Edict of Nantes (1598); liberty of conscience; limited 
freedom of worship; full civil rights; guaranty towns 

3. Elizabeth and Philip II 

a) the question of the succession; Mary, Queen of Scots, — 
alienation of her subjects; deposition; flight (1568); captivity 

b) Roman Catholic plots in favor of Mary; Ridolfi conspiracy 
(1571); treason and recusancy laws; the Jesuit propaganda 
against the Queen; complicity of Philip II 

c) Elizabeth's provocative policy: sympathy with the Nether- 
lands; English privateers (Hawkins; Drake); depredations on 
Spanish commerce, with the Queen's connivance 

d) the Babington plot and the execution of Mary, Queen of 
Scots (1586) 

e) defeat of the Armada (1588); naval war with Spain; Cadiz 
sacked (1596) 

4. The ruin of Spain 

a) despotic instincts of Philip II; personal rule 

b) suppression of all political independence; Aragon; the Moris- 
coes 

c) crushing magnitude of Philip's undertakings; vicious fiscal 
system; exhaustion of Spain's resources; industrial stagnation 

d) social deterioration; political servility; arrogance; bigotry 

Hayes, I, 87-91, 97-106; Robinson, 451-464; Johnson, 299-313, 363-386, 391- 
448; Hume, Philip II, chs. xi, xv, xvii, xviii; Creighton, Age of Elizabeth, bks. v and 
vi; Gardiner, Student's Hist. Eng., 428-480, passim; Cheyney, Short Hist, of Eng., 
330-381, passim; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 180-193 



VII. THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1562-1609 

1. The Revolt of the Netherlands 

a) the provinces: political status; prosperity; religious situation; 
loyalty to Charles V, despite Inquisition and heavy taxation 

b) Philip II and the Netherlands; despotism, cupidity, bigotry; 
administrative and ecclesiastical reorganization; disregard of 
local interest and national pride 

c) protest of the Confederate nobles, — the "Compromise" (1566) 

d) the "Beggars"; iconoclasm; defeat of the Confederates 

2. Alva's reign of blood, 1567-1573 

a) Alva's commission, — absolute civil and military command 

b) the "Council of Blood"; reign of terror; execution of Egmont 
andHoorne; outlawry of William the Silent; financial oppres- 
sion; tax on sales; ruin of business 

c) William the Silent becomes Stadholder (1572), and invades 
Holland 

d) capture of Brille by the "Sea Beggars" (1572); general revolt 
of the northern provinces; fall of Mons (1572); siege of 
Haarlem (1573) 

e) failure and recall of Alva 

3. William the Silent 

a) futile attempts at reconciliation; Requesens 

b) union of Holland and Zealand (1576); investment of William 
the Silent with supreme command; negotiations for foreign 
aid; interest of England and France in the Netherlands 

c) sack of Antwerp, — the "Spanish Fury" 

d) attempt to unite all the provinces; the Pacification of Ghent 
(1576) 

e) proffer of peace by Don Juan of Austria, — the Perpetual Edict 

f) policy of the Duke of Parma; the Union of Arras (southern 
provinces, 1579); the Union of Utrecht (northern provinces, 
1579) 

g) the Ban on William the Silent; his Apology; Holland and 
Zealand transfer their allegiance from Philip II to William 
the Silent (1576) 

h) French intervention; fiasco of the Duke of Anjou (1578-79) 
i) assassination of William the Silent (1584); crisis in the affairs 
of the Netherlands 

4. The Spanish yoke broken 

a) English intervention; Leicester's fruitless expedition (1586-87) 

b) Maurice of Nassau and John van Oldenbarneveldt 

c) the French war and the Dutch struggle; reverses and death 
of the Duke of Parma (1592); victories of Maurice of Nassau 

d) recognition of the independence of the Netherlands by Eng- 
land and France (1596); the Triple Alliance 

e) transfer of the provinces to Albert of Austria (1598) 

f) truce of the United Provinces with Spain (1609); important 
commercial concessions 

Hayes, I, 91-97; Robinson, 444-451 ; Johnson, 315-362; Hume, Philip II, 99-114, 
145-152; Haeusser, 290^344; Putnam, William the Silent, chs. x and xvii; Robinson, 
Rdgs., II, 171-179 



VIII. THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR, 1618-1648 

1. The Catholic Reaction in the Empire, 1555-1618 

a) jealousy and discord among the Protestant princes; the- 
ological controversy; Lutheran and Calvinist 

b) activity of the Jesuits; large gains in Poland, Bavaria, the 
Hapsburg lands, the Rhine-land, Westphalia 

c) persistent sources of irritation and dissension: secularization; 
ecclesiastical reservation; the free cities 

d) premonitions of religious war: the Donauworth episode (1606); 
the Protestant Union and the Catholic League; Henry IV 
and the "Grand Design"; agitation in Bohemia, — the ''Ma- 
jestdtshrief 

2. Outbreak of the Thirty Years' War; the Bohemian period, 1618-1623 

a) revolt of Bohemia against Ferdinand of Styria (1618); profTer 
of the crown to Frederick of the Palatinate 

b) defeat of Frederick at the White Mountain (Prague); sup- 
pression of rebellion and of Protestantism in Bohemia 

c) subjection of the Palatinate; transfer of the Electorate and 
the Upper Palatinate to Maximilian of Bavaria 

3. The Danish period of the war, 1623-1629 

a) Protestant reverses; threatening attitude of the Emperor 
Ferdinand; alarm of the Protestant princes for their secular- 
ized lands 

b) European interest in the German war; the Danish-English 
alliance with the Protestant princes 

c) Wallenstein's army; victories of Tilly and Wallenstein; Den- 
mark forced out of the war 

d) the Edict of Restitution (1629); Protestantism facing ruin 

4. The Swedish period of the war, 1630-1635 

a) the fear of military despotism; Diet of Regensburg (1630); 
dismissal of Wallenstein 

b) entrance of Gustavus Adolphus into the war; his motives; 
suspicions of the Protestant princes; effect of the fall of 
Magdeburg 

c) Breitenfeld (1631); victorious march to Bavaria; death of 
Tilly; recall of Wallenstein; the camp at Niirnberg 

d) victory and death of Gustavus Adolphus at Liitzen (1632) 

e) assassination of Wallenstein; Protestant reverses; Nord- 
lingen (1634) 

f) the Peace of Prague (1635); Saxony retires from the war 
1635-1648 

5. Last period of the War; French intervention 

a) Richelieu and the Hapsburg menace; coalition of France, 
Sweden and Holland; changed character of the war 

b) successes of the Allies; Bernard; Conde; Turenne 

c) motives for prolonging the agonv of Germany 

6. The Peace of Westphalia, 1648 

a) the religious settlement 

b) the territorial settlement 

c) virtual dissolution of the Empire 

d) desolation and demoralization of Germany 
6) political state of Europe, 1648 {map) 

Hayes, I, 218-232; Robinson, 465-474-; Wakeman, 39-52, 53-128; Gardiner, 
Thirty Years' War, 7-58, 76-95, 115-184, 209-222; Henderson, Short Hist. Ger'y, I, 
chs. xvi, xvii, xviii; Bryce, 386—400 



IX. STUART AND PURITAN, 1603-1660 

1. James I (1603-1625), "Divine Right" and Episcopacy 

a) James' character; his conception of kingship as absolute 

b) religious situation at the accession of James 

c) James' repugnance to Presbyterianism; the Hampton Court 
Conference (1604),— "No Bishop, no King!" 

d) James and the Roman Catholics; Gunpowder Plot (1605) 

e) quarrels with Parliament: the "Post-nati"; the royal pre- 
rogative; Parliamentary grants and royal impositions; per- 
sonal government (1614-1621); Buckingham 

f) foreign relations: pro-Spanish policy; commercial and colonial 
undertakings; James and the Thirty Years' War; growing 
breach between the King and the Puritan party 

2. Charles I: suppression of Parliament; personal government 

a) Charles' suspected of leaning toward Roman Catholicism; 
the French marriage; vacillating foreign policy; Cadiz ex- 
pedition; Charles and the Huguenots; La Rochelle 

b) struggle for control of the purse; the Petition of Right (1628); 
merging of the constitutional and religious issues,' — no "ton- 
nage and poundage" and "no religious innovations" 

c) suppression of Parliament (1629); personal government 
(1629-1640) 

d) Privy Council; Star Chamber; Court of High Commission; 
Wentworth (the policy of "Thorough"); Laud 

e) arbitrary taxation; John Hampden and Ship Money 

f) Laud's Visitation; persecution of Puritanism; emigration to 
America; Laud and Scotch Presbvterianism; the Bishops* 
War 

3. The Civil War, 1642-1649 

a) the Long Parliament; impeachment of Strafiford (Wentworth); 
overthrow of personal government; the "Root and Branch" 
bill; the Militia controversy; the Grand Remonstrance 

b) party lines during the Civil War, — sectional, religious, social 

c) the Parliamentary League with Scotland 

d) early successes of the Royalists; Marston Moor (1644); 
Cromwell and the "New Model"; Naseby (1645); surrender 
of King to the Scotch 

e) Presbyterians and Independents; negotiations with the King 

f) tension between Parliament and the army; Pride's Purge 

g) trial and execution of the King (1649); abolition of the 
monarchy and the House of Lords 

4. The Commonwealth and the Protectorate, 1649-1660 

a) reduction of Ireland and Scotland to obedience; Drogheda; 
Dunbar; Worcester 

b) suppression of the Long Parliament (1653); Cromwell pro- 
claimed Lord Protector; the Instrument of Government, 
first written constitution 

c) the Puritan regime 

d) vigorous foreign policy; the Navigation Act and the Dutch 
War; alliance with France; war with Spain 

e) reaction against Puritanism and army rule; weakness of 
Cromwell's successor; the Restoration of the Stuart (1660) 

Hayes, I, 260-281; Robinson, 475-490; VVakeman, chs. iii, iv, vi, vii; Gardiner, 
Student's Hist., 481-577, passim; Gardiner, Ptiritan Revol., 13-20, 48-82, 85-183; 
Cheyney, Short Hist. Eng., 383-464; Green, Short Hist. Eng. People, 460-473, 572- 
582; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 218-256 



X. THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN FRANCE 
RICHELIEU AND LOUIS XIV 

1. Richelieu (1624-1642), founder of the Absolute Monarchy 

a) the Civil Wars and the royal power; re-establishment of the 
throne by Henr}- IV; economic recovery of France (Sully); 
strong foreign policy; the "Grand Design" 

b) relapse under Marie de' Medici; League of the Princes; the 
Huguenot faction; threat of rebellion and civil war 

c) controlling ends of Richelieu's policy: consolidation; abso- 
lutism; expansion to the "natural frontiers;" ascendancy of 
France 

d) extinction of the political power of the Huguenots (1629) 

e) subjection of the nobles 

f) centralization of the administration; the Intendants 

g) foreign policy, — war on the Hapsburg power; Richelieu's 
diplomacy 

2. Mazarin and the Fronde 

a) internal condition of France at the close of the Thirty Years' 
War,— misgovernment; bankruptcy; hatred of Mazarin and 
absolutism 

b) the Parlement of Paris and the demand for constitutional 
reforms 

c) rebellion of the nobles, — the Fronde (1648-1652); Conde's 
treason; collapse of the Fronde; absolutism restored 

d) the war with Spain; alliance with Cromwell; Turenne's 
victories; the Peace of the Pyrenees (1659); Roussillon; Artois 

3. Louis XIV (1643-1715), the "Grand Monarque" 

a) an age of strong monarchy; religious war and the theory of 
kingship; the doctrine of "Divine Right"; Bossuet on king- 
ship; the king as the embodiment of the state, — "L'Etat, 
cest moi" 

b) the royal government: personal rule; Louis' ability and 
industry; the ''Metier du Roi" 

c) royal councils and ministers; the local administration 

d) the system of justice (the Parlemeyits); financial and econ- 
omic administration (Colbert); the army (Louvois; Vauban); 
the navy; diplomacy; Louis' secret service 

e) the Court of Versailles; its political purpose, to reflect the 
splendour of the "Roi Soleil" ; Louis and the nobility 

f) supremacy of French culture; universal imitation of French 
taste and manners; French the universal literary language 

g) bloom of French literature; the Academies; classicism in 
literature and art 

4. Absolutism and freedom 

a) the despotic instinct for uniformity; royal aversion to dissent 

b) Louis and the Huguenots; influence of Madame de Mainte- 
non; persecution of the Huguenots, — the Dragonnades; revo- 
cation of the Edict of Nantes (1685); disastrous consequences 

c) repression of Catholic dissenters; the Jansenists; denial of 
all freedom of thought and utterance; the censorship 

5. Criticism of absolutism 

a) merits and defects as a system of government 

b) eff^ects of Louis' absolutism upon France 

Hayes, I, 209-218, 235-242; Robinson and Beard, I, 4-13; Wakeman, 14-24, 
132-164, 184-205; HassaW, Louis XIV, chs. iii, ix, xi; Perkins, Richelieu, chs. vi, ix, 
xii; Duruy, Hist, of France, 377-381, 392-398, 416-429; Grant, Fr. Monarchy, I, 
204-220, 257-262; II, chs. x, xii; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 268-292 



XL LOUIS XIV AND THE NETHERLANDS, 1660-1685 

1. Dutch Commerce and English Rivalry 

a) rise of Dutch commerce: decline of Portuguese power in the 
East; the Dutch East India Company (1602); settlement 
and trade in the New World; international situation, 1600- 
1650, favorable to the Dutch; high-tide of Dutch prosperity 

b) English commerce and colonization; ruin of Spain's navy; 
commercial expansion in East and West; the East India 
Company (1600); the Virginia Company; settlement in the 
New World; religious incentives to colonization; commer- 
cial policy of the Stuarts 

c) English-Dutch commercial wars: vigorous foreign policy of 
the Protector; the Navigation Act (1651); war with the 
Dutch (1651-1654, 1665-1667) ; the Dutch monopoly broken; 
English colonial gains 

2. Commercial and territorial ambitions of Louis XIV 

a) the aspiration for the "natural frontiers"; the policy of 
commercial expansion; Colbert's political economy 

b) circumstances favorable to France: the decline of Spain; 
weakness of the Empire; the Turkish menace; subservience 
of the Stuarts 

c) attack upon the Spanish Netherlands (1667-68); the "Law 
of Devolution"; invasion of Flanders and Franche Comte 

d) Louis balked by the Triple Alliance, — England, Holland, 
Sweden 

3. The Dutch War, 1672-1678 

a) Louis' intrigues against the Dutch; disruption of the Triple 
Alliance; secret treaty with Charles II (1670) 

b) English suspicion of Louis' designs; fear of absolutism and 
Roman Catholicism (Declaration of Indulgence, 1672); 
opposition to the King's foreign policy 

c) French invasion of Holland (1672); fall of DeWitt; William 
of Orange made Stadholder; the war becomes general; French 
successes 

d) duplicity of Charles II; English sympathy for the Dutch; 
peace with Holland (1674); dynastic alliance with William 
of Orange (1678) 

e) the Peace of Nimwegen (1678): Louis acquires Franche Comte 

4. Louis XIV at the height of his power 

a) commanding position of France after the Peace of Nim- 
wegen; Louis' dream of a continental empire 

b) encroachments upon Germany; advance toward the Rhine 
frontier; the "Chambers of Reunion"; acquisition of Strass- 
burg (1681); other important gains; the Truce of Regens- 
burg (1684) 

c) the browbeating of the Pope; Declaration of Gallican Lib- 
erties (1683) 

d) revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685); effect on foreign 
relations; accession of James II in England (1685) 

e) general fear of French domination; formation of the League 
of Augsburg to maintain the balance of power 

Hayes, I, 242-247, 281-286; Robinson and Beard, I, 14-28; Wakeman, 206-258: 
Hassall, Louis XIV, chs. v, vi, vii; Grant, Fr. Monarchy, II, ch. xi; Day, Hist, of 
Commerce, 190-204, 222-236; Webster, Hist, of Com^nerce, 146-177; Cunningham, 
II, 196-224 



XII. THE ASCENDANCY OF FRANCE AND THE BALANCE 
OF POWER, 1685-1715 

1. The overthrow of the Stuart in England, 1688-89 

a) James II : despotic temper; political and religious aims 

b) symptoms of a Roman Catholic restoration: appointments 
contrary to law; Act of Indulgence; invasion of the Uni- 
versities 

c) the "Glorious Revolution"; transfer of the crown to William 

and Mary . 

d) guarantees of constitutional government and civil rights: 
Mutiny Act; Toleration Act; the Bill of Rights 

2. The War of the League of Augsburg, 1688-1697 

a) effect of the English Revolution upon the policy of Louis _AiV 

b) the invasion of Germany; devastation of the Palatinate 

c) failure to restore James II; battle of the Boyne (1690); re- 
duction of Ireland ^X T TT /.^r,^N 

d) naval engagements: Beachy Head (1690); La Hogue (1692); 
England retains control of the Channel 

e) the war in the Netherlands and northern Italy 

f) the Peace of Ryswick (1697): recognition of^W^illiam III; 
the Protestant Succession (Act of Settlement, 1701) 

g) exhaustion of France at the close of the war 

3. The Spanish Succession 

a) Hapsburg and Bourbon claims to the throne of Spain 

b) interests of the various states of Europe in the question 

c) the Partition Treaties between Louis XIV and William III 

d) will of Charles II in favor of Anjou, Louis' grandson 

e) acceptance of the will by Louis XIV; the balance of power 
threatened; the Grand Alliance, England, Holland, and the 
Emperor 

4. The War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714 

a) periods; principal areas of fighting; comparative strength of 
Louis and his enemies 

b) Marlborough and the Blenheim campaign (1704) 

c) the struggle for the Mediterranean; capture of Gibraltar (1704) 

d) capture of Turin (1706); the French lose northern Italy 

e) Ramillies (1706); Oudenarde (1708); loss of the Netherlands 

f) peace negotiations; excessive demands of the Allies; patriotic 
rally of France; Malplaquet (1709) 

g) the Archduke Charles driven from Spain 

h) fall of the Whig ministry; Marlborough retired from com- 
mand (1711); England withdraws from the war; dissolution 
of the Alliance 

5. The Peace of Utrecht, 1713-14 

a) principal terms: the Spanish crown (Philip V); Austria s 
compensation in Ualy and the Netherlands; England's ter- 
ritorial and commercial gains; Prussia and Savoy 

b) the cost to France of Louis' ambition; the fruits of despotism 

Hayes I 248-255, 286-290; Robinson and Beard, I, 28-49; Wakeman, 258-264, 
309-371; Hassall, Louis XIV, chs. xii, xiii, xiv; Grant, Fr. Monarchy 11, chs. xiii, 
xiv, xv; Cheyney, Short Hist, of Eng., 466-514; Green, Short Hist, of Eng. People, 
672-683 



XIII. THE RISE OF RUSSIA AND OF PRUSSIA 

1. Peter the Great (1689-1725), the founder of modern Russia 

a) backward condition of Russia; the early Romanoffs 

b) Peter the Great: personality; an "enlightened barbarian"; 
travels; eagerness to learn; ambitions 

c) establishment of the autocracy; destruction of the Strieltsi; 
formation of a modern army; subjection of the Boyars 

d) Peter and the Russian Church; the Patriarchate; the Holy 
Synod 

e) forcible imposition of western manners upon the Russians; 
founding of St. Petersburg (Petrograd), 1703 

2. Russia and the Baltic; decline of Sweden 

a) strong position of Sweden at the close of the Thirty Years' 
War; her Baltic aspirations; rivalry with Denmark andPoland 

b) weakness of Poland; faction and misrule; foreign intervention 

c) Peter's ambition to make Russia a commercial and naval 
power; conflict of Russian and Swedish interests in the Baltic 

d) coalition of Denmark, Poland and Russia against Sweden 
(1699) 

e) the Great Northern War; victorious career of Charles XII of 
Sweden; Narva (1700); the coalition broken up (1706) 

f) defeat of Charles XII at Pultava (1709); the military power 
of Sweden broken; Peter's campaign on the Pruth (1711) 

g) the Pacification of the North (1719-1720); territorial losses 
of Sweden; gains of Hanover, Prussia and Russia 

3. The Eastern Question; retrogression of the Turks 

a) reinvigoration of the Turkish state under the Kiuprili 

b) invasion of Hungary; relief of Vienna by John Sobieski (1683) 

c) Turkish losses in Hungary and the Mediterranean; the Peace 
of Carlowitz (1699); Austrian recovery of Hungary 

d) Peter the Great and the Eastern Question; first step toward 
the Black Sea, — capture of Azof (1696); recovery by the 
Turks (1711); reconquest by Russia (1739) 

e) war of the Turks with Austria and Venice; fall of Belgrade; 
Peace of Passarowitz (1718); Austrian gains on the Danube 

4. The Rise of the Hohenzollern; the Great Elector (1640-1688) 

a) territories of the Hohenzollern, 1640; problems and possibilities 

b) rivalry with Sweden and Poland; acquisition of full sov- 
ereignty in East Prussia; defeat of the Swedes at Fehrbellin 
(1675) 

c) establishment of absolutism in Prussia 

d) material development of the state; reception of the Huguenots 

5. The Kingdom of Prussia 

a) assumption of the royal title by Frederick I (1701) 

b) Frederick William I (1713-1740): harsh temper; boorish- 
ness; strong practical sense; thrift and parsimony; severe 
regime 

c) increase of the army; the "Sergeant King"; the tall grenadiers 

d) centralization of administration ; the Directorium 

e) Frederick William I and the Crown Prince Frederick 

Hayes, I, 347-351, 366-379; Robinson and Beard, I, 50-59; Wakeman, 174-183, 
289-310; Longman, Frederick theCt., 9-28; Reddaway, Frederick theGt., 3-23; Hender- 
son, Short Hist.Ger'y, II, 1-43, 87-122; Morfill, Russia, 140-173; Robinson. Rdes. 
II, 303-312, 316-322 



XIV. FREDERICK THE GREAT, 1740-1786 

1. War of the Austrian Succession and the conquest of Silesia 

a) main lines of European politics, 1714-1740: rivalry of Haps- 
burg and Bourbon; problems arising from the advance of 
Russia; question of the future of Poland and of Turkey 

b) the Austrian Succession; Charles VI and the Pragmatic Sanc- 
tion 

c) Frederick the Great: character; political principles, as 
Prince (the AntimachiaveUi) , and as King 

d) the invasion of Silesia; Frederick's apology 

e) the league for the dismemberment of Austria; Maria Theresa 
and the Hungarians; peace with Frederick (Breslau, 1742) 

f) Austrian victories over the coalition; Frederick renews his 
attack; Peace of Dresden (1745), — acquisition of Silesia 

g) the war in Italy and the Austrian Netherlands; naval war 
between England and France; Russia comes to the support 
of Austria 

h) inconclusive peace of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748); mutual resto- 
ration of all conquests, except Silesia 

2. The Seven Years' War; the attempt to crush Frederick 

a) Austria's desire for revenge; antagonism of England and 
France; new alignment of the Powers; the plot against 
Frederick 

b) coalition of France and Austria, soon joined by Russia; Pitt's 
alliance with Frederick 

c) the victories of Rossbach and Leuthen (1757) 

d) Frederick in extremity (1758-1759); driven from Bohemia 
and Saxony; defeated by the Russians; terrible strain upon 
his resources 

e) the turning of the tide (1760): victories of Liegnitz and 
Torgau; death of the Czarina; withdrawal of Russia 

f) the Peace of 1763: permanent possession of Silesia; the 
Prussian monarchy saved; England's naval and colonial 
supremacy established 

3. The "Benevolent Despot"; the development of the state 

a) exhausted condition of Prussia ; Frederick's efforts to repair 
the losses of war; financial aid to his subjects 

b) promotion of agriculture, manufacture and commerce; miti- 
gation of serfdom; settlement; reclamation; public works 

c) compulsory primary education ; religious tolerance (the Jesuits) 

d) legal reforms; centralization and absolutism in gov^ernment 

e) the Prussian army: size; efficiency; the model for all Europe 

4. The first partition of Poland, 1772; further expansion of Russia 

a) faction and anarchy in Poland; Russian intrigues and inter- 
vention 

b) the interests of the other Powers in Poland; alarm of France; 
Turkey incited to war upon Russia 

c) the first partition of Poland, by Russia, Prussia, and Austria; 
effect upon international relations and international law 

d) conclusion of the Turkish war; Russia's firm footing on the 
Black Sea, arid paramount influence in the Balkan peninsula 

e) Russia's attempt to dominate Sweden; Gustavus III and 
Russia 

Hayes, I, 351-362; Robinson and Beard, I. 60-79; Henderson, II, 123-181; 
Longman, 31-66, 93-174; Reddaway, Frederick the Gt., 189-280 



XV. THE RISE OF ENGLAND AS A WORLD POWER 

1. Peace and commercial expansion, 1714-1740 

a) strong position of England at the close of the wars with 
Louis XIV; territorial gains by the Peace of Utrecht; 
exclusive trading privileges (the "Asiento"); naval supremacy 

b) period of Whig ascendancy (1702-1760); dominance of the 
monied interest in politics; the Bank of England as a political 
power 

c) Walpole's policy, — peace and commercial expansion; good 
understanding with France 

d) the interest in colonies: the Mercantile System; colonies as 
feeders and markets; trade monoploy; colonial speculation, 
— the "Mississippi Bubble,"; the "South Sea Bubble" 

2. England and the war of the Austrian Succession, 1740-1748 

a) friction with Spain (1738-39); dissatisfaction with Walpole's 
pacific policy; William Pitt and the Young Patriots 

b) Frederick II's attack upon Maria Theresa (1740); overthrow 
of Walpole; death of Fleury; France and England drawn 
into the war 

c) French victory at Fontenoy (1745); English naval successes; 
the war in the colonies; French capture of Madras 

d) mutual restitution of conquests by the Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle (1748) 

3. Colonial and commercial rivalry in America and India 

a) French claim to the Mississippi basin; counterclaims of the 
English colonies; the desire for westward expansion 

b) the struggle for the Ohio valley; the English "Ohio Company" 
(1749); Ft. Duquesne (Pittsburg); Braddock's unsuccessful 
expedition (1755) 

c) the English East India Compan}-; break-up of the Mogul 
power, the opportunity for expansion; French rivalry; the 
successful diplomacy of Dupleix; energetic policy of Clive 

4. The Seven Years' War and the Conquest of America and India 

a) the aim of Pitt, the ruin of the Bourbon power; alliance with 
Frederick the Great; gigantic undertakings; popular support 

b) naval war with France and Spain; capture of Minorca, 
Havana, Manila 

c) advance of English power in India; conquest of Bengal 
(Plassey, 1757); conquest of the Carnatic (Wandewash and 
Pondichery, 1760) 

d) conquest of Canada (Louisburg, 1758; Quebec, 1759; Mont- 
real, 1760) 

e) the Peace of Paris (1763): England's gains in Canada, Nova 
Scotia, the Mississippi valley, Florida and the West Indies; 
Louisiana ceded to Spain; end of France's empire in America 

5. Loss of the American Colonies 

a) friction between Mother Country and Colonies: restrictive 
commercial policy; Nav^igation Laws; cost of defence; 
controversy over taxation; Tory stupidity; colonial defiance 

b) the Declaration of Independence; the Revolutionary War; 
participation of France as America's ally; war with Spain 
and Holland; naval operations in East and West Indies 

c) the Peace of Versailles (1783): independence of the American 
Colonies; England's colonial gains in the East Indies 

Hayes, I, 299-337; Robinson and Beard, I, 80-121; Cheyney, Short Hist. Eng., 
560-575; Gardiner, Student's Hist. Eng., 747-764; Green, Short Hist. Eng. People, 
735-756; Longman, Frederick theCt., 66-82, 175-214 



XVI. FRANCE OF THE OLD REGIME 



1. The King and the government 
a) the royal authority absolute; "L'Etat, c'est mot"; no effective 

check upon the King's will; the Parlements; the Estates- 
General 

the government: completely dependent upon the King; the 
ministers; favoritism in office; no responsibility recognized 
centralization and paternalism; suppression of local authority 
in province, city and village; the Intendant; political effects 
of paternalism 

arbitrary taxation: absolute control of the national purse; 
the tax edict and the lit de justice; unjust discrimination in 
taxation; extortionate tax-gatherers; no check upon expendi- 
ture; royal extravagance and official dishonesty; the growing 
debt 

the perversion of justice: conflicting laws and jurisdictions;, 
distinction of persons before the law; royal interference in 
the course of justice; subservience of the judiciary; arbi- 
trary arrest and imprisonment, — the lettre du cachet 

2. The privileged orders 
a) the Church: its corporate powers; the National Assembly of 

the Clergy; ecclesiastical jurisdiction; King, Pope and Na- 
tional Church, — the Concordat of 1516; the "Galilean Idea" 
enormous wealth of the Church: landed possessions; rents, 
tithes, fees and perquisites; exemption from taxes; the Don 
Gratuit 

the Church a partner in government: the King's confessor 
and almoner; ecclesiastical statesmen, — Richelieu, Mazarin, 
Fleury; clerical control of education and of the press; the 
censorship; proscription of dissent and free-thinking 

d) the nobility: "sword" and "robe"; a privileged, but not a 
ruling, class; landed wealth; seigneurial rights; tax exemptions 

e; the nobility a social caste; monopoly of the King's favor; 
preferment at court and in the army; the noble's contempt 
for the commoner 

3. The Bourgeoisie and the Peasantry 

a) the haute bourgeoisie, the aristocracy of the purse; capitalist, 
financier, creditor of the state; eligibility for administrative 
office; political influence; social aspirations 

b) privileges of the money power: exploitation of labor; mon- 
opoly of the gild; industrial servitude of the proletariat 

c) the state and industry; policy of regulation; hindrances to 
economic progress; demand for greater freedom, — "laissez 

aire 

the peasantry: the mass of the nation; the peasant and the 
soil; land-tenure; rents, dues, services; the metayer, or share, 
system 

hardships of the peasant's lot: small capital; crude tools, 
antiquated methods; government restrictions upon the 
grain trade; the crushing burden of taxes (81% of income); 
the tax system a penalty upon thrift; despair of improvement 

Hayes, I, 393-414, 449-458; Robinson and Beard, I, 120-156, 203-217; Bourne, 
Rev. Period, 3-32; Mathews, Fr. Rev., 1-30, 42-51; Duruy, Hist. France, 460-467, 
506-517; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 360-365; 



XVII. THE SPIRIT OF PROGRESS AND REFORM 

1. The "Philosophers," the intellectual revolutionists 

a) the scientific spirit and scientific progress in the eighteenth 
century; changed view of man's place in nature and in society 

b) rationalism; assertion of the supremacy of Reason; rejec- 
tion of the supernatural; revolt against dogma and tradition 

c) skepticism and destructive criticism 

d) Voltaire, the iconoclast: passion for sincerity; relentless ex- 
posure of shams; attack on ecclesiastical and governmental 
tyranny 

e) Diderot and his colleagues; the Encyclopaedia; liberal spirit; 
scientific temper; opposition of the government 

f) rationalism the solvent of the established order 

2. Political, social and economic liberalism 

a) Montesquieu: the Spirit of Laws; relativity of pohticaMn- 
stitutions; separation of powers; preference for limited 

monarchy . . , . , . ,,t.t 

b) Rousseau, the Apostle of Sentiment; implicit faith in Na- 
ture"; disparagement of civilization; theory of the origin of 
the state (the Social Contract) ; views on education {Emile) ; in- 
fluence . 1 U f 

c) the Physiocrats: theory of the derivation of all wealth trorn 
the soil; single tax; right to labor and to enjoy; freedom of 
trade, — ''Laissez faire'' 

d) the Communists: collective ownership; joint production 

e) weaknesses of the philosophers and theorists: extravagant 
faith in "Reason" and "Nature"; fondness for formu ae,— 
Doctrinaires; imperfect historical perspective; superficiality 

3. Benevolent Despotism and social progress 

a) principles,— absolute power coupled with imperative duty; 
conspicuous exemplars,— Frederick the Great (c/. S-^AV); 
Joseph II of Austria; Catherine II of Russia; Charles ill ot 

b) achievements of Benevolent Despotism: administrative effi- 
ciency; legal and judicial reform; material progress; social 
welfare; public education; restraint of ecclesiastical authority 

c) Benevolent Despotism could not permanently satisfy the 
political needs of an enlightened society 

d) social conditions in France and England; France,— despotism 
without benevolence; England,— antipathy to centralized 
authority 

4. Louis XVI as reformer; Turgot; Necker , . ^^,, , . . 

a) misrule of the indolent and profligate Louis XV; the reign ot 
mistresses and favorites; inefficiency, corruption, waste; in- 
difi'erence to protest; suppression of the Par/ewew/5 _ 

b) widespread distress and discontent; hopes entertained ot 

Louis XVI . ^ ^ 

c) Turgot: principles; experience (Limousin) ; reform programme; 
fiscal and economic measures; enemies at court; dismissal 

d) Necker: struggle with the debt; increased expense on ac- 
count of the American war; the Compte Rendu 

e) imminence of bankruptcy; the bourgeoisie calls for an ac- 
counting; the Assembly of the Notables (1787); demand for 
the Estates-General 

Hayes, I, 414-426, 440-448; Robinson and Beard, I, 157-202; Bourne, 33-61; 
Mathews,' 73-90; Reddaway, Frederick theGi., 161-187, 225-242 



XVIII. THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 

1. The Estates-General 

a) financial necessity compels the King to consult the Nation; 
needs and desires of France; the cahiers; moderate tone 

b) the Estates-General: the three Orders; double representa- 
tion of the Third Estate; prominent deputies; first meeting 
(May 4, 1789) 

c) deadlock over organization and voting; "Par ordre" or '^Par 
tele"?; obstructive tactics of the Third Estate 

d) the Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly 
(June 17) 

e) the Tennis Court Oath (June 20); the Royal Session (June 
23); the union of the three Orders (June 27) 

2. The collapse of the Old Regime 

a) severity of the winter of 1788-89; widespread distress; po- 
litical excitement; France in a state of "spontaneous anarchy" 
(Taine) 

b) the storming of the Bastille (July 14, 1789) 

c) formation of the Civic Guard and the Commune of Paris; 
example of Paris followed by provincial towns 

d) the "Great Fear"; attacks on chateaux, manor houses, bar- 
riers and gilds; self-renunciation of Feudalism (August 4-5) 

e) the march on Versailles (Oct. 5-6); the King and Assembly 
brought to Paris; flight of the nobles (the emigres) 

f) confiscation of church lands; issuance of assignats 

3. The first Revolutionary Constitution, 1791 

a) the Declaration of the Rights of Man 

b) the suffrage: nominally universal; property qualifications; 
"active" and "passive" citizens; secondary election 

c) the Assembly: one house; virtually irresponsible; exclusion 
of deputies from the ministry. 

d) the King: limited powers; suspensive veto; restricted control 
over the military forces; the National Guard 

e) division of France into Departments; local government; the 
communes; extreme decentralization 

f) the Civil Constitution of the Clergy: the Church under 
control of the State; popular election of ecclesiastical offi- 
cials; independence of Rome 

4. Growth of radicalism and violence 

a) the Revolutionary propaganda; the clubs (especially, the 
Jacobin); the inflammatory press; Marat's "L'AmidnPetiple" 

b) disaffection in the army; the Fed&res 

c) the King's flight to Varennes (June 21, 1791); his suspension 

d) Declaration of Pillnitz (Aug. 1791); threat of intervention 

e) legislative traps for the King; the royal \etoes 

f) war with Austria and Prussia (April 1792) 

g) attack on the Tuileries (June 20, 1792) 

h) manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick; insurrection of August 

10; massacre of the Swiss; the King taken prisoner 
i) the massacres of September 2-3 

Haves, I, 458-500; Robinson and Beard, I, 217-264; Bourne, 62-75, 88-168; 
Mathews, 111-149, 166-206; Rose, Rev. and Napol. Era, 59-91; Robinson, Rdgs., 
II, 386-411, 417-422 



XIX. THE FIRST FRENCH REPUBLIC 



1. The Revolution defies Europe 



d 
e 
The 
a 
b 



3. The 



(1792-1795); the Mountain, the Gironde, 

(Sept. 22, 



in- 



g) 



The Convention 

the Plain 

abolition of monarchv; the Republic proclaimed 

1792) 

the "Crusade of Liberty"; the decree of Nov. 19, 1792; 

vasion of Belgium, Germany, Savoy and Nice 

execution of Louis XVI (Jan. 21, 1793); the horror of Europe 

war with England, Holland, and Spain 

Terror 
France at bay; Danton's splendid defiance 
the Committee of Public Safety (April 9, 1793); the Revo- 
lutionary Tribunal; the Law of Suspects; the Law of the Max- 
imum; arming of the Sansculottes; the Commune of Paris 
fall of the Gironde; the "Enrages'' in control 
defeat, treason, civil war; the Vendue; Toulon; Lyons; Mar- 
seilles 

heroic exertions; the levee en masse; Carnot 
the turning of the tide; liberation of the Fatherland; recovery 
of Belgium; conquest of Holland; the Vendue crushed 
the guillotine; execution of the Queen, the Girondins, and 
others; the Terror in the provinces (Nantes; Lyons); anarchy 
and atheism the order of the day 

party struggles; destruction of Hebert and Danton (March- 
April, 1794); Robespierre supreme 
fall of Robespierre (July 28, 1794) 

Directory, 1795-1799 
reaction from the Terror; return to order and sanity; aboli- 
tion of the Revolutionary Tribunal; closing of thejacobin 
Club 

economic distress; political unrest; financial difificulties 
attempt of the Jacobins to recover control; the insurrection 
of St. Antoine; overthrow of the Mountain; end of the Terror 
revision of the constitution; establishment of the Directory 
the insurrection of Vendemiaire (October 5, 1795), snufifed 
out by Bonaparte 

despotic and corrupt government of the Directory; the coup 
d'Hat of 1797; proscription of emigres; religious persecution; 
the Republican religion; venality; wretched financial con- 
dition 
the Directory riding to a fall; France ripe for a dictatorship 



Hayes, I, 500-519; Robinson and Beard, I, 264-283; Bourne, 194-247; Mathews, 
224-265; Rose, 78-91; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 451-454 



XX. THE RISE OF NAPOLEON, 1796-1802 

1. The conquest of Italy, 1796-1797 

a) foreign relations of France, 1795: peace with Spain and 
Prussia; war with England, Austria and Sardinia; military- 
situation in Italy and on the Rhine 

b) Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821): parentage; education; 
mentality; course during the Revolution (Toulon; Vendemi- 
aire); appointed General of the Army of Italy; plan of cam- 
paign; military genius 

c) defeat of Sardinia, and her retirement from the war 

d) victory of Lodi (May 10, 1796); occupation of Lombardy; 
Areola and Rivoli; the Austrians driven from the Peninsula 

e) invasion of the Papal States; the Pope brought to terms 

f) coercion of Genoa and Venice; formation of the Italian 
republics 

g) Treaty of Campo Formio (October, 1797): Venice; Ionian 
Islands; the Cisalpine Republic; Belgium; the Rhine frontier 

2. The Egyptian Expedition, 1798-1799 

a) European fear of French aggression; the Second Coalition 

b) England the arch-enemy; naval victories over France and 
her allies, Spain and Holland; colonial prizes; commercial war 

c) France resumes her hereditary policy; invasion projects; 
the plan of an attack upon India 

d) the Egyptian expedition: Capture of Malta; victory of the 
Pyramids; destruction of the French fleet at the Nile 

e) Turkey declares war; Bonaparte invades Syria; battle of Mt. 
Tabwr; repulse before Acre; return to Egypt 

3. The Consulate, 1800-1804 

a) political situation in France; return of Bonaparte (Oct., 1799) 

b) the coup d'etat of the 18th of Brumaire (Nov. 9); the Con- 
sulate proclaimed; "The Revolution at an end" 

c) Bonaparte, First Consul: large powers; strong government; 
return of order and prosperity; reorganization; the Code 

d) settlement of the religious question; the Concordat (1801) 

e) the Consulate for Life (1802); autocratic power of the Consul 

f) the war with Austria: Marengo (June, 1800); Hohenlinden 
(Dec, 1800); the Peace of Luneville (1801); dissolution of 
the Second Coalition; France and the reorganization of 
western Germany 

g) the Peace of Amiens, with England (1802) 

4. Establishment and organization of the Empire 

a) power of France, 1803: mistress of Belgium, Holland, and 
the left bank of the Rhine; dominant in Italy, .Switzerland, 
and western Germany 

b) France's need of security; Bonaparte's ambition 

c) proclamation of the Empire (May, 1804); the coronation 
(Dec. 2) 

d) constitution of the Empire: autocracy, thinly disguised; the 
censorship; control of religion and education (the University) ; 
local government (the Prefect) 

e) why France submitted to absolutism 

Hayes, I, 523-536; Robinson and Beard, I, 284-308; Bourne, 248-285, 301-316; 
Rose, 96-107, 115-123; Fisher, Napoleon, 28-72; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 468-480, 
486-489 



XXI. THE NAPOLEONIC EMPIRE AND EUROPE, 1804-1815 

1. Napoleon and the Third Coalition; zenith of military power 

a) renewal of war with England; the camp at Boulogne 

b) formation of the Third Coalition, England-Austria-Russia 

c) the defeat of Austria :Ulm (Oct. 20, 1805) ; Austerlitz (Dec. 2); 
Peace of Pressburg, — Venice; the Dalmatian coast; aggrand- 
izement of Bavaria and Wiirtemberg 

d) Nelson's victory off Cape Trafalgar (Oct. 21, 1805) 

e) reorganization of Germany : end of the Holy Roman Empire; 
formation of the Confederation of the Rhine (1806) 

f) Prussia joins the Coalition; the defeat at Jena (Oct., 1806); 
collapse of Prussian resistance 

g) invasion of Poland; war with Russia; Eylau (Feb., 1807) 

Friedland (June, 1807) 
h) Peace of Tilsit (July, 1807): dismemberment of Prussia; 

creation of Warsaw and Westphalia; Napoleon master of the 

Continent 

2. The Grand Empire and the Continental System 

a) the Continental Blockade against England; Berlin Decree; 
the Milan and Warsaw Decrees; English Orders in Council 

b) seizure of Naples; attempt to coerce Denmark and Portugal 

c) bestowment of the crown of Spain upon Joseph (1808); the 
Spanish insurrection; England and the Peninsular War 

d) friction with the Czar; the Congress of Erfurt (Oct., 1808) 

e) war with Austria (1809); Wagram; Peace of Schonnbriinn; 
divorce of Josephine and marriage with Marie Louise (1810), 

f) completion of the Continental System; further annexations 
—Papal States; Holland; German coast; Illyria (1809-1810), 

g) the Grand Empire at its height, 1810: the French Empire 
(France, Belgium, Holland); Confederation of the Rhine; 
Switzerland; the Kingdom of Italy; Naples; the Illyrian 
Provinces; Warsaw; Spain 

-3. The Liberation of Europe 

a) Napoleonic despotism and the sentiment of nationalism 

b) the Continental System; ruin of Continental industry and 
commerce 

c) the Peninsular War; drain upon Napoleon's resources 

d) alienation of the Czar; invasion of Russia (1812); Moscow; 
destruction of the Grand Army 

e) regeneration and reorganization of Prussia; German nation- 
alism 

f) the War of Liberation; Battle of the Nations (Leipsic, Oct., 
1813) 

g) invasion of France; entry of the Allies into Paris; first abdi- 
cation of Napoleon (April 6, 1814); deportation to Elba 
4. Waterloo and St. Helena 

a) discontent in France; dissensions among the Allies at Vienna 

b) the return from Elba; promise of constitutional government; 
the appeal to France; the Allies' Decree of Outlawry 

c) Waterloo (June 18, 1815) 

d) second abdication of Napoleon; surrender to the English; 
deportation to St. Helena, as prisoner of the Powers 

e) relation of the Revolution and Napoleon to modern Europe 

Hayes, I, 536-576; Robinson and Beard, I, 309-342; Bourne, 317-366, 400-445; 
Rose, 140-147, 184-361, 369-371; Fisher, 119-168. 189-240; Duruy, Hist, of France, 
590-631; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 490-497, 503-510 



XXII. RESTORATION AND REACTION, 1815-1848 

1. The Congress of Vienna, 1815; Reconstruction of Europe 

a) reconstruction in accordance with the principles of "legiti- 
macy" and "compensation"; disregard of rights of nationality 

b) Russia acquires Poland, as an autonomous kingdom 

c) Prussia's gains: Lausitz; Westphalia; the Rhine Province 

d) Austria's "compensation", in Germany and in Italy 

e) the Germanic Confederation: Austria, Prussia and the minor 
states; equivocal promise of constitutional government 

f) reconstruction in Italy: Sardinia receives Genoa; Lombardy- 
Venetia to Austria; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Bourbon) 

g) checks upon France; frontiers of 1790; girdle of buffer states 

2. Metternich and Reaction 

a) Metternich 's principles: legitimacy; "repose"; intervention 

b) the Czar and the Holy Alliance 

c) repression in Austria, Germany, and Italy; the Carlsbad 
Decrees; the "sanitary cordon" against revolutionary ideas 

d) insurrection in Italy and Spain; Metternich's congresses; 
England and the doctrine of intervention; the Monroe 
Doctrine 

e) the Greek War of Independence; "outside the pale" (Metter- 
nich); intervention of England, France and Russia; Russo- 
Turkish war 

3. The Bourbon Restoration in France 

a) Louis XVIII (1815-24); the Charter, dissatisfaction of France 

b) the Ultras, for "family, throne and altar"; reactionary laws 

c) the ferment of revolution; secret societies; Republicanism 

d) Charles X (1824-30); ascendancy of clerical influence; the 
muzzling of the press; interference in elections 

e) the July Revolution (1830); abdication of Charles X; acces- 
sion of Louis-Philippe (Orleans), the "Citizen King" 

4. The Insurrection of the Thirties 

a) the Belgian revolution: revolt against Dutch domination; 
independence secured with the aid of France and England; 
the guarantee of Belgian neutrality 

b) the Polish insurrection: Russian oppression under Nicholas I; 
suppression of the revolt; abrogation of the Polish constitu- 
tion 

c) risings in Italy: revolutionary propaganda; secret societies; 
the Carbonari; insurrection (1831), suppressed by Austria 

d) German unrest: aims of the German Liberals; revolt against 
oppressive governments, especially in the west; Prussian 
intervention; persecution of Liberalism 

5. England, 1815-1832: repression followed by reform 

a) economic distress; political discontent; agitation for relief 
and reform; popular disturbances; official stupidity; press 
and meeting laws 

b) economic and fiscal reforms; Canning, Huskisson, Peel 

c) the demand for electoral and Parliamentary reform 

d) the Reform Bill of 1832; enfranchisement of the middle class 

Hayes, II, 1-57; Robinson and Beard, I, 342-362; II, 1-29; Bourne, 446-460, 
{Cong, of Vienna); Hazen, Europe Since 1815, 1-44; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 536-542, 
547-550 



XXIII. THE REVOLUTIONS OF 1848 

1. General causes of discontent 

a) the French Revolution and the sentiment of nationalism 

b) the Industrial Revolution and the demand for economic 
freedom and social justice 

c) absolutism and the demand for political liberty and con- 
stitutional government 

2. The overthrow of the Orleans Monarchy 

a) dissatisfaction with the Orleans Monarchy, as conservative, 
timid, sordid, and dull, — "a bourgeois government" 

b) the royal prerogative; personal rule; political corruption 

c) new economic problems; discontent and radicalism; Social- 
istic propaganda; the government inert and obstructive; 
stringent press and association laws 

d) insurrection in Paris (Feb., 1848); abdication of Louis- 
Philippe 

e) the Provisional Government; prevention of anarchy and 
terrorism 

f) the Second Republic; Louis-Napoleon, President (Dec, 1848) 

3. The Revolutions in Italy 

a) revolutionary propaganda in Italy; the "Carbonari"; Mazzini 
and "Young Italy"; Liberalism in Piedmont 

b) reform in the Papal States (Pius IX), Tuscany, Piedmont, 
and Naples (1846-48); high hopes of the Liberals 

c) the fall of Metternich (March, 1848); spontaneous outburst 
of revolution; demand for liberty and union 

d) war with Austria; defeats (Custozza, July, 1848; Novara, 
March, 1849) 

e) collapse of the revolutionary Republics; suppression of 
Sicily; pacification of Lombardy-Venetia; reinstatement of 
the Pope by France; general restoration of absolutism 

f) accession of Victor Emmanuel II in Piedmont 

4. Nationalism and Revolution in the Austrian lands 

a) the odious regime of Metternich; absolutism and feudalism 

b) nationalistic aspirations of Hungary and Bohemia 

c) insurrection in Vienna (March, 1848); flight of Metternich 

d) Austria's crisis: nationalism in Hungary and Bohemia; re- 
volt of Lombardy-Venetia; war with Piedmont; revolution 
in Germany 

e) defeat of the Italians; reduction of Bohemian and Austrian 
insurrections; appeal to race-je.alousy in Hungary (Jellacic) 

f) Kossuth and Hungarian independence; Russian intervention; 
subjection and punishment of Hungary 

5. The attempt to liberalize and unify Germany 

a) growth of democratic and national spirit in Germany 

b) the "March Days" in Berlin; demand for a constitution 

c) the Frankfurt Parliament: composition, spirit, difficulties; 
the Princes and the People; Austria and Prussia 

d) suppression of the Prussian revolution; Constitution of 1850 

e) failure of the Frankfurt Parliament; Austria recovers her 
ascendancy in Germany; the old order restored 

Hayes, II, 116-144; Robinson and Beard, II, 53-63, 72-89; Hazen, 169-186" 
Seignobos, Europe Since 1814, 132-165, 333-346, 389-399, 401-423- Robinson' 
Rdgs., II, 559-572 



XXIV. THE SECOND FRENCH EMPIRE AND 
THE UNIFICATION OF ITALY 

1. The coup d'etat of Louis-Napoleon 

a) Louis-Napoleon; character; belief in his mission, to com- 
plete the work of the first Napoleon; his " Napoleonic Ideas"',. 
growth of the Napoleonic legend 

b) friction between the President and the Assembly; Louis- 
Napoleon appeals to the country 

c) the coup d'etat of Dec. 2, 1851; dissolution of the Assembly; 
the Massacre of the Boulevards; proscription of Republicans 

d) assumption of the Imperial title (Dec. 2, 1852) 

2. The Second Empire; the autocratic regime, 1852-1859 

a) absolutism; servile submission of France; political stagnation 

b) muzzling of the press; control of education; clericalism in 
government; ascendancy of the Ultramontanes 

c) absorption in material development; "peace and prosperity"; 
social and economic legislation to avert political discontent 

d) Napoleon III and Europe; attitude of England and Russia; 
Napoleon's ambition to enhance the prestige of France 

e) Napoleon III and the Crimean War; the Peace of Paris (1856) 

3. The liberation and unification of Italy 

a) liberalism and progress in Piedmont; the work of Cavour 

b) alliance with Napoleon III; the convention of Plombieres 
(1858) 

c) the Austro-Sardinian war (1859); Napoleon's intervention; 
"Italy to be free from the Alps to the Adriatic!" 

d) Magenta (June 4); Solferino (June 24); Napoleon deserts 
his ally (Villafranca) ; Cavour's resignation 

e) popular demand for unification; the plebiscites; the Sicilian 
insurrection 

f) Garibaldi and the Thousand; conquest of Sicily and Naples 

g) proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy (March 17, 1861) 

h) the struggle for Rome; Napoleon III and the Ultramontanes 
i) the treaty with Prussia; annexation of Venetia (1866) 
j) Victor Emmanuel enters Rome (Sept. 20, 1870); terms with 
the Pope 

4. The "Liberal Empire," 1859-1870; decline of Napoleon's power 

a) consequences of Napoleon's Italian policy; alienation of the 
Ultramontanes; bitterness of the Italians 

b) growing opposition; demand for responsible government; the 
"liberal decrees" of 1860 

c) attempt to regain popularity by brilliant foreign policy; 
blunders and rebuffs; Poland; Mexico; Italy; Luxembourg; 
complete diplomatic isolation 

d) surrender to the demands of the radicals; promise of Parlia- 
mentary government; "the future secure" 

e) war to recover prestige and avert the fall of the dynasty 

Hayes, II, 149-180; Robinson and Beard, II, 63-71, 90-100; Hazen, 187-239, 
272-284; Seignobos, 165-184, 346-359, 792-797; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 572-580 



XXV. THE FOUNDING OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE 

1. Bismarck and the triumph over Liberalism 

a) reaction and repression following the Revolutions of 1848 

b) economic development and the desire for liberal government 
and national unity; the "National Union" (1859) 

c) the King's military programme; opposition of the Liberals 

d) Bismarck's defiance of the Chambers; high-handed measures; 
Germany to be united under Prussia by "Blood and Iron" 

2. Schleswig-Holstein 

a) relation of the Duchies to Germany and to Denmark 

b) incorporation of Schleswig into Denmark (1863); German 
nationalism aroused 

c) the Duchies wrested from Denmark by Prussia and Austria 
(1864) 

d) division of the spoils ; seeds of future strife 

3. The expulsion of Austria from Germany (1866) 

a) friction over Schleswig-Holstein; Bismarck challenges Austria 
and the German Diet 

b) the Seven Weeks War (June-July, 1866); Sadowa (July 3) 

c) withdrawal of Austria from the Germanic Confederation; 
cession of Venetia to Italy 

d) Prussia's annexations: Schleswig-Holstein; Hanover; Hesse- 
Cassel; Nassau; Frankfurt 

e) formation of the North German Confederation (1867) 

f ) military reorganization ; alliance with the South German States 

4. The Hohenzollern Candidacy 

a) France demands "Revenge for Sadowa"; fruitless efforts of 
Napoleon III to obtain "payment for neutrality" 

b) anger of Germany over the Luxembourg affair 

c) French Chauvinism ; demand for a spirited foreign policy 

d) the Hohenzollern candidacy for the crown of Spain; protest 
of France 

e) the Ems Despatch, "a red rag to the Gallic bull"; declaration 
of war by France (July 14, 1870) 

5. The Franco-German War, 1870-1871 

a) German military superiority; French unpreparedness 

b) Gravelotte; Sedan (Sept. 1); surrender of the Emperor 

c) fall of the Empire; the Government of National Defence; 
efforts of Thiers and Gambetta 

d) the siege of Paris; proclamation of the German Empire, at 
Versailles (Jan. 18, 1871) 

e) fall of Metz (Oct. 27, 1870) ; surrender of Paris (Jan. 28, 1871) 

f) the Commune; the "Bloody Week" (May 21-28) 

g) the Treaty of Frankfurt (May, 1871) : loss of Alsace-Lorraine; 
retention of Belfort; indemnity of 5,000,000,000 fr. 

Hayes, II, 180-206; Robinson and Beard, II, 109-129; Hazen, 240-271, 285-302; 
Seignobos, 456-484; Henderson, Short Hist. Ger'y., II, 370-450; Headlam, Bismarck, 
162-376; Robinson, Rdgs., II, 580-596 



XXVI. POLITICAL AND SOCIAL REORGANIZATION ON 

THE CONTINENT 

1. France 

a) the return to order and authority; the "liberation of the 
territory" (Thiers); rapid economic recovery 

b) struggle with royalism; the Republic triumphs (1878) 

c) constitution of 1875; France a Parliamentary Republic 

d) militarism and democracy; the Boulanger episode (1886-89) 
the Dreyfus affair (1894-1906) 

e) State and Church; the menace of Clericalism; abrogation of 
the Concordat (1903); Disestablishment 

f) Socialism and social legislation; Syndicalism 

2. Germany 

a) the German constitution: Kaiser; Chancellor; Bundesrat; 
Reichstag; predominance of Prussia 

b) imperial consolidation; Bismarck and the Liberals 

c) the KuUurkampf \ "We won't go to Canossa" ; anti-clerical laws 

d) growth of Socialism (Marx; Lasalle); repressive laws 

e) State-socialism; industrial insurance; labor legislation 

f) accession of William II (1888) ; retirement of Bismarck (1890) 
personal government; the Kaiser's energy and ambition 

g) colonial and commercial expansion; beginnings of a navy 
h) growth of Socialism; demand for responsible government 

3. Italy 

a) problem of unifying the Italians; sectional jealousy 

b) relations with the Papacy; the Law of Papal Guarantees; 
Clericalism in politics; the Non expedit (1874) 

c) social and political progress; provision for primary educa- 
tion (1877); extension of the suffrage (1882, 1912) 

d) strong ministry of Crispi (1887-91, 1893-96) 

e) Socialism; labor troubles; strikes and violence (1898-1907) 

4. Austria-Hungary 

a) the '^Aiisgleich" (Compromise) of 1867; the Dual Monarchy; 
union and autonomy; Parliamentary government 

b) racialism and nationalism in politics; Czech and German; 
Magyar and Slav; struggle between Dualism and Federalism 

c) the race question in Hungary; forced concessions to Croatia 

d) growth of radicalism; electoral reforms (1896, 1907) 

e) friction between Austria and Hungary; language question 

5. Russia 

a) Alexander II as a liberal; abolition of serfdom; reforms 

b) the Polish insurrection (1863); return to absolutism 

c) anarchy and Nihilism; assassination of the Czar (1881) 

d) despotic regime of Alexander III; censorship; secret police; 
religious persecution; suppression of nationalism 

e) spread of Socialism; the revolutionary propaganda 

f) the war with Japan; revolution threatened; the Duma estab- 
lished (1905) 

Hayes, II, 331-377, 397-434, 452-487; Robinson and Beard, II, 100-108, 123- 
175, 261-302; Hazen, chs. xiv, xv, xvi, xvii, xxix, passim; Seignobos, 187-227, 359- 
372, 485-516, 529-553, 596-613; Headlam, Bismarck, chs. xv and xvi 



XXVII. GREAT BRITAIN AND THE EMPIRE 

L Social progress in Great Britain 

a) the Factory System and industrial slavery; the Factory Acts 
(1833, e/ al.); protection of women and children; minimum 
age; regulation of the working day 

b) recognition of the right of labor to organize; growth of Trades 
Unionism; organized labor in politics 

c) reform of the Poor Laws (1834); the problem of pauperism 

d) reform of the Penal Code 

e) the Corn Laws, a tax on labor; the Anti-Corn-Law League 
(Cobden and Bright); repeal of the Corn Laws (1846) 

f) further factory and workshop legislation (1867 et al.) 

g) workingmen's compensation; industrial insurance; old age 
pensions (1897-1909) 

h) provision for public education; the Forster Act (1871); sec- 
tarianism and the public schools; the act of 1902 

2. The growth of democracy 

a) the partial reform of 1832; agitation for more liberal sufifrage; 
demand for "Freemen's Rights"; Chartism 

b) abolition of property qualifications for members of Parlia- 
ment (1858) ; removal of religious disabilities 

c) the Reform Act of 1867; extension of the franchise; redis- 
tribution of seats; adoption of the Australian ballot (1872) 

d) civil service reform 

e) further suffrage extension, and redistribution (1884, 1885) 

f) restriction of the veto power of the Lords (1911) 

g) local self-government: the Municipal Corporations Act 
(1835); the County Councils Acts (1888, 1894) 

3. Ireland and Home Rule 

a) political, economic, and religious grievances of Ireland; tithes 
and rents; wretched condition; the "Black Year," 1847 

b) agitation and violence; the Fenians (1858-1867) 

c) Gladstone's first reforms; Disestablishment of the Irish 
Church (1869); the Land Act of 1870 

d) the Irish Land League; agrarian outrages; the Land Act of 
1881 

e) Gladstone's efforts for Home Rule (1886; 1892) 

f) Salisbury and coercion; improvement in economic conditions 

g) the Home Rule Act of 1912; Ulster and the Union 

4. Free Trade and colonial self-government 

a) repeal of the Navigation Acts (1849) ; Free Trade (1860) 

b) Canada: the Rebellion of 1837; Union of Upper and Lower 
Canada (1840); formation of the Dominion of Canada (1867) 

c) self-government for Australia and New Zealand (1854); the 
Australian Commonwealth (1900); Dominion of New Zea- 
land (1907) 

d) India: the Sepoy Mutiny (1857); transfer from the Company 
to the Crown (1858); proclamation of the Indian Empire 
(1877) 

e) conquest of the Boer Republics; the South African Union 
(1909) 

f) movement for imperial federation and tariff reform 

Hayes, II, 102-116, 277-326, 640-675; Robinson and Beard, II, 180-251, 257- 
260; Hazen, 518-549; Seignobos, 40-101; Cheyney, Short Hist.Eng., 617-643; Gardi- 
ner, Student's Hist, of Eng., chs. Ivii, Iviii, Ix; Rose, Rise of Democracy, chs. vi, vu, 
viii, xi, xiii, xiv 



XXVIII. INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERCIAL PROGRESS 
DURING THE CENTURY 
RIVALRY OF ENGLAND AND GERMANY 

1. The industrial and commercial revolution 

a) the Old Regime in industry; household manufacture; hand- 
work; the gild; relative immobility of industry 

b) machinery and manufacture: the spinning jenny, the water 
frame, and the power loom; the steam engine 

c) coal, iron and industry; rapid changes in the economic map 

d) the Factory System: concentration of workmen; division of 
labor; dominance of capital; rapid growth of cities 

e) enormous increase in the volume of manufacture; develop- 
ment of processes and organization 

f) improved transportation and communication: the railway; 
the steamship; telegraph, cable and telephone; international 
postal service 

g) expansion of the field of commerce; stupendous volume of 
trade 

h) nationalism and trade rivalry; the new Mercantilism; pro- 
tective tariffs; the race for colonies and markets 

2. England's supremacy 

a) effect of the Napoleonic wars upon England's manufacture 
and trade; command of the sea and control of the markets; 
England and the Continental System 

b) causes of England's supremacy: geographical situation; coal 
and iron; machinery; shipping; colonies; capital; political 
stability; laissez faire and individual enterprise 

c) political confusion and economic backwardness on the Con- 
tinent 

d) Free Trade and commercial expansion 

e) England's financial power; the international banker 

f) the rise of competitors, especially Germany and the United 
States; effect on England's position 

3. The rise of Germany 

a) the Z Oliver ein, first step toward political and commercial union 

b) victory, unification, and the release of the national energies; 
Germany's handicaps 

c) Bismarck and the adoption of the protective policy 

d) colonization; world trade; rise of the merchant marine; de- 
velopment of internal waterways 

e) marvellous organization of German industry and trade; gov- 
ernment subvention; great trusts; technical education; selling 
methods 

f) German supremacy in industrial chemistry; scientific agricu - 

ture 

g) the problem of population and subsistence; "Germany must 
export goods or men"; the demand for colonies and markets 

h) Germany's challenge to England 

Robinson and Beard, II, 30-52, 318-331; Seignobos, 671-682; Webster, Hist, 
of Commerce, 211-227, 247-320, 388-396, 446-468; Gibbins, Hist, of Commerce, 
163-184; Day, Hist, of Commerce, chs. xxviii-xxxiii, xxxviii-xl, passim 



XXIX. COLONIAL EXPANSION AND WORLD POLITICS 

1. The partition of Africa 

a) exploration of Africa; claims of the various European states 

b) the Mediterranean littoral: French conquest of Algeria 
(1839-47) ;_ seizure of Tunis (1881); resentment of Italy 
(Triple Alliance) 

c) the Anglo-French condominium in Egypt (1879-1882); re- 
bellion of 1882; British protectorate established (1883) 

d) French expansion in the Congo basin, and the Sudan; clash 
with England at Fashoda (1898) 

e) Italian colonization along the Red Sea; war with Abyssinia 

f) Briton and Boer in South Africa: the Boer Jrek', Sand River 
convention (1852); discovery of gold (1884); influx of for- 
eigners; Boer obstructiveness; British aggressions; Jameson 
Raid (1895) 

g) the Boer War (1899-1902); the South African Union (1909) 
h) German colonization in Africa 

2. The Powers and Far East 

a) rise of Japan as a modern state: the Restoration (1867); 
abolition of feudalism; adoption of constitutionalism; abro- 
gation of treaty restrictions; full recognition 

b) advance of Russia toward the Pacific; Maritime Province 
(1860) 

c) the struggle for Korea: friction between China and Japan; 
the Chino-Japanese war (1894-95) 

d) the Powers and Japan; forced retrocession of Port Arthur 

e) the Spanish-American war (1898); America as a world power; 
the Philippines as a factor in Asiatic policy 

f ) European aggression in China : seizure of Port Arthur (Russia), 
Wei-hai-wei (Great Britain), Kiao-chau (Germany), Tonkin 
(France) 

g) Chinese resentment; the Boxer troubles (1900) 

h) Russian designs on Manchuria; alarm of Japan; alliance with 

England (1902); Russo-Japanese war (1904-05) 
i) absorption of Korea by Japan 

3. The race for the Persian Gulf and the road to India 

a) British expansion westward from India; Afghanistan; Balu- 
chistan 

b) Russian expansion to the southeast; Transcaucasus; Turke- 
stan 

c) the "strangling" of Persia by England and Russia 

d) Germany's ''Drang nach Osten" ; the Kaiser's coquetting with 
the Moslem; the Berlin-Bagdad railway 

4. Morocco and the Entente 

a) general fear of German aggression; colonial and commercial 
ambitions; naval increase 

b) Edward VII and the Ententes: with Japan (1902); with 
France (1904); with Russia (1907); Germany and the "Ring 
of steel" 

c) the Kaiser and Morocco; the Entente put to the test; the 
Algeciras Conference (1906); France and Spain in Morocco 

d) revolt of the tribesmen; the German "Panther" at Agadir; 
Europe on the verge of war; the Entente holds firm 

e) seizure of Tripoli by Italy (1911-12) 

Hayes, II, 560-596, 614-637, 679-719; Robinson and Beard, II, 175-180, 251- 
257, 331-367; Hazen, 550-563, 681-705; Webster, Hist, of Commerce, 487-503 



XXX. RISE OF THE BALKAN STATES 
THE EASTERN QUESTION AND THE POWERS 

1. The Sultan and his Christian subjects 

a) the Treaty of Paris (1856): the Sultan's empty promises of 
reform and toleration; the Powers' pledge of non-interference 

b) union of Moldavia and Wallachia into Rumania (1859) 

c) concessions to Servia (1867) ; recognition of the Khedive (1867) 

d) the Sultan and the Exarch of Bulgaria; alienation of Greece 

e) the Cretan insurrection (1868); Crete and the Powers 

f) misrule, oppression, massacre; repeated insurrections 

2. The Russo-Turkish war and the Congress of Berlin (1878) 

a) general insurrection of the Slavic subjects of the Sultan (1875) 

b) war with Servia and Montenegro; Bulgarian massacres 

c) intervention of the Powers; conflicting interests 

d) the Sultan's promise of reform; the Constitution of 1876 

e) the Sultan's duplicity; the Czar's ultimatum 

f) the Russo-Turkish war; advance toward Constantinople; 
treaty of San Stefano (Greater Bulgaria) ; England's threat 
of war 

g) the Congress of Berlin: Servia, Rumania, Montenegro inde- 
pendent; Bulgaria autonomous; Bosnia-Herzegovina under 
Austria; guarantees to the Christian subjects of the Sultan; 

' the Cyprus Convention between England and the Porte 

3. From the Congress of Berlin to the Revolution 

a) Russia's anger at Bismarck; the Triple and Dual Alliances 

b) union of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia (1885); the Serbo- 
Bulgarian war 

Russian intrigues in Bulgaria; deposition of Alexander; elec- 
tion of Ferdinand of Coburg-Gotha (1887) 
the Cretan insurrection (1896) ; the Greco-Turkish war (1897) ; 
defeat of Greece; the Powers and Crete 
the Armenian massacres (1894) ; inertness of the Powers 
the running sore of Macedonia: ruinous taxation; official 
oppression; religious persecution; racial and sectarian ani- 
mosity; rivalry of Greek, Bulgar and Serb 
the Powers and Macedonia; various schemes of reform 

4. The Young Turks' Revolution and the Balkan Wars 
the Revolution (1908-09); deposition of Abdul Hamid II; 
constitutionalism and reform 

Austria incorporates Bosnia-Herzegovina; Ferdinand proclaims 
himself Tsar of the Bulgars; Greece annexes Crete 
Russia and England protest ; Servia threatens war ; Austria and 
Germany ("Shining armor") compel acquiescence 
the Ottomanizing policy of the Young Turks; Macedonian 
massacres; the Albanian revolt; the Balkan League 
the first Balkan war (1912-13); sweeping victory of the Allies; 
the abortive treaty of London 

f) second Balkan war, against Bulgaria; the "pacification of 
the Balkans" (1913); Bulgaria's bitterness 

Hayes, II, 498-539; Robinson and Beard, II, 308-317; Hazen, 601-644; Seign-^ 
obos, 627-669, 818-832 



g 
The 



SELECT LIST OF BOOKS 

Adams, G. B., and Stephens, H. M.: Select Documents Illustrative of 
English Constitutional History, (1901) 

Alzog, J.: Manual of Universal Church History, tr. Pabisch, F. J., and 
Byrne, T.S; 3 v., (1874-8) 

Anderson, F. M.: Constitutions and Other Select Documents Illustrative 
of the History of France, 1789-1901. (1904) 

Andrews, C. M.: Historical Development of Modern Europe-, 2v. (1896-8) 

Armstrong, E.: The Emperor Charles V; 2 v. (1902) 

Aulard, A.: French Revolution; tr. from 3d ed.; 4 v. (1910) 

Bain, R. N.: Charles XII. (1895) 

Barker, J. E.: Modern Germany (5th ed., 1915) 

Beard, C: Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany; ed. Smith, 
J. F. (1889) 

Reformation of the Sixteenth Century. (1883) 

Blok, P. J.: History of the People of the Netherlands; 5 v.; tr. R. Put- 
nam. (1912) 

Bourne, H. E.: Revolutionary Period in Europe. (1914) 

Bryce, J.: The Holy Roman Empire. (1886) 

Cambridge Modern History; 13 v. (1902-12) 

Cheyney, E. P.: Short History of England. (1904) 

—Readings in English History. (1908) 

—Introduction to the Industrial and Social History of 

England. (1901) 
-European Background of American History. (1904) 



Coubertin, P. : TheEvolution of France under the Third Republic. (1897) 

Creighton, M.: The Age of Elizabeth. (1909) 

Cardinal Wolsey. (1888) 

History of the Papacy from the Great Schism to the Sack 

of Rome; 6 v. (1892) 

Cross, A. L.: History of England and Greater Britain. (1914) 

Cunningham W.: Essay on Western Civilization in its Economic As- 
pects; 2 V. (1898-1900) 

-Growth of English Industry and Commerce; 2 v. 

(1903, 1905) 

Day, C: History of Commerce. (1907) 

Douglas, R. K.: Europe and the Far East (new ed., 1913) 

Dow, E. W.: Atlas of European History. (1907) 

Duruy, V.: History of France; ed. Jameson, J. F. (1889) 

History of Modern Times; tr. Grosvenor, E. A. (1894) 

Emerton, E.: Desiderius Erasmus. (1899) 

Firth, C. H.: Oliver Cromwell and the Rule of the Puritans tn England. 
' (1900) 

Fisher, H. A. L.; Napoleon. (1913) 

Fisher, G. P.: Reformation. (1906) 

Fletcher, C. R. L.:Gustavus Adolphus. (1890) 

Fournier, A.: iVa^o/eow /; 2 V. (1911) 

Froude, J. A. : English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century. (1895) 

Fullerton, W. M.: Problems of Power. (1913) 

Fyffe, C. A.: History of Modern Europe, 1792-1878. (1896) 

Gardiner, S. R.: Student's History of England. (1908) 

Thirty Years' War. (1894) 

The First Two Stuarts and the Puritan Revolution. 

(1911) 

—Oliver Cromwell. (1901) 



Gibbins, H. de B.: History oj Commerce in England. (1912) 

Economic and Industrial Progress of the Nineteenth 

Century. (1903) 
Gindely, A.: History of the Thirty Years' War; 2 v. (1898) 
Grant, A. J.: The French Monarchy; 2 v. (1905) 
Green, J. R.: Short History of the English People. (1900) 
Harrison, F. : Oliver Cromwell. (1888) 

William the Silent. (1897) 

Hassall, A. : Balance of Power, 1715-89. (1896) 

Louis XIV. (1895) 

Haeusser, L.: Period of the Reformation; ed. Oncken, W.; tr. Sturge, G. 

(1873) _ 

Hayes, C. J. H.: Social and Political History of Modern Europe. (1916) 
Hazen, C. D. : Europe Since 1813. (1910) 
Headlam, J. W.:5i5warc^. (1899) 

Henderson, E. F.: Short History of Germany; 2 v. (1902) 
Hume, M. A. S.: Philip II of Spain. (1903) 

Spain, 1479-1788. (1898) 

Modern Spain. (1900) 

Janssen, J.: History of the German People at the Close of the Middle 

Ages; tr. Mitchell and Christie; 12 v. (1905-8) 
Johnson, A. H. : Europe in the Sixteenth Century. (1905) 
Johnston, R. M.: The Corsican. (1910) 
Keltic, J. S. : The Partition of Africa. (1895) 
King, B.: History of Italian Unity, 1814-71; 2 v. (1899) 
Kirkpatrick, F. A., ed. -.Lectures on the History of the \9th Century. (1902) 
Koestlin, ].:Life of Luther. (1891) 

Lodge, R.: Close of the Middle Ages, 1273-1494. (1901) 
Longman, W. F.: Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. (1906 '> 
Lowell, E. ].:Eve of the French Revolution. (1893) 
McCarthy, J. H.: History of Our Own Times; 3 v. (1901) 
McGiffert, A. C: Martin Luther, the Man and His Work. (1911) 
McGregor, D. W.: The Evolution of Industry. (1912) 
Mathews, Shailer. : The French Revolution. (1901) 
Miller, W. : The Ottoman Empire. (1913) 
Morfill, W. R.: History of Russia from the Birth of Peter the Great to 

Nicholas II. (1902) 

Russia and Poland. (1906) 

Ogg, F. A.: Social Progress in Contemporary Europe. (1912) 

Okey, T.: Italy Today. (2d ed., 1909) 

Orth, S. P. : Socialism and Democracy in Europe. (1913) 

Pastor, L.von: History of the Popes; tr., ed. Antrobus and Kerr; 12 v. 

(1891-4) 
Pennsylvania, University of: Translations and Reprints from the Original 

Sources of European History; ed. History Department; 6 v. 

(1897-1900) 
Perkins, J. B.: France under Louis XV; 2 v. (1897) 

Richelieu and the Growth of French Power. (1900) 

Ploetz, K. J.: Epitome of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern History; ed. 

Tillinghast, W. H. (1905) 
Pollard, A. F.: Henry VIII. (1905) 
Priest G. M.: Germany since 1740. (1915) 
Putnam, Ruth.: William the Silent. (1911) 
Putzger, F. W. : Historische Schulatlas; ed. Baldamus, A., and Schwabe, 

E., 27 ed. (1903) 
Ranke, h. von.: Ecclesiastical and Political History of the Popes of 

Rome; 3 v. (1840) 



Reddaway, W. F. : Frederick the Great and the Rise of Prussia. (1904) 

Reich, E. : Foundations of Modern Europe; 2d ed. (1908) 

Robinson, J. H.: Introduction to the History of Western Europe. (1903) 

Readings in European History, 2 w. (1906) 

Robinson, J. H., and Beard, C. A.: Development of Modern Europe; 2 v. 

(1908) 

Readings in Modern European His- 

ory; 2 v. (1909) 
Rose, J. H.: The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era. (1907) 

Life of Napoleon /; 2 v. (1901-2) 

Development of the European Nations, 1870-1900; 2v. 

(1905) 

Rise and Growth of Democracy in Great Britian. (1898) 

Rose, J. H., et al.: Germany in the Nineteenth Century. (1912) 
Schevill, F. : History of Modern Europe. (1898) 

The Making of Modern Germany. (1916) 

Schuyler, Eugene: Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia; 2 v. (1884-90) 
Seebohm, F.:Era of the Protestant Revolution. (2d ed., 1911) 

Oxford Reformers o/ 1498. (1887) 

Seignobos, C: Political History of Europe since 1814. (1899) 
Shepherd, W. R.: Historical Atlas. (1911) 
Slater, G.: The Making of Modern England. (1915) 
Sloane, W. M.:Life of Napoleon Bonaparte; 4 v. (1896) 
Smith, M.: Bismarck and German Unity (2d rev. ed., 1910) 
Smith, Y*.: Life and Letters of Martin Luther. (1911) 
Stephens, H. M.: Revolutionary Europe, 1789-1815. (1905) 

History of the French Revolution; 3 v. (1902) 

Taine, H. A.: Ancient Regime. (1896) 

Thayer, W. R.:Life and Times of Cavour; 2 v. (1911) 

Traill, H. D.: Social England; ed. Mann, J. S.; 6 v. (1901-3) 

Willia m in. (1905) 

Wakeman, H. O.: Ascendancy of France in Europe, 1598-1715. (1897) 

Europe, 1598-1715. (1911) 

Introduction to the History of the Church of England. 

(1908) 
Walker, W. : John Calvin. (1906) 
Wallace, A. R.: Wonderful Century. (1898) 
Wallace, D. M.: Russia, (new ed., 1908) 
Ward, A. W. : Counter- Reformation. (1889) 
Webster, W. C: General History of Commerce. (1903) 
Whitcomb, M. -.Literary Source-book of the German Renaissance. (1899) 

Literary Source book-of the Italian Renaissance. (1900) 

Woodward, W. H.: Short History of the Expansion of the British Empire. 
(1911) 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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